Ulcer

An ulcer in a dog is an open wound or lesion on the skin or mucous membrane that does not heal and is often accompanied by inflammation. Ulcers can be superficial or deep and affect various areas of the body, including the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal mucosa and eyes. The causes are diverse; the spectrum ranges from harmless irritations to signs of serious illnesses.

Types of ulcers in dogs

1. Skin ulcers: Open wounds on the skin, often infected and inflamed, that do not heal.
2. Mouth ulcers: Ulcers in the oral cavity, on the lips, gums or tongue.
3. Stomach ulcers: Open wounds in the stomach lining that can lead to bleeding and pain.
4. Corneal ulcers: Ulcers on the cornea of the eye, often caused by injuries or infections.

Symptoms of ulcers in dogs

The symptoms depend on the affected area of the body and the severity of the ulcer.

Skin ulcers

• Visible open wounds that are red, swollen and possibly purulent.
• Pain sensitivity at the affected site.
• Hair loss around the ulcer.
• Itching and licking of the affected area by the dog.

Mouth ulcers

• Drooling, bad breath and difficulty eating.
• Pain when chewing or swallowing.
• Bleeding from the mouth or gums.

Stomach ulcers

• Vomiting, often with blood.
• Loss of appetite and weight loss.
• Abdominal pain that worsens with touch.
• Weakness and anaemia due to blood loss.

Corneal ulcers

• Redness and tearing in the eye.
• Squinting as a sign of pain.
• An uneven, rough corneal surface.
• Pain that may manifest in a change in the dog’s posture.

Causes of ulcers in dogs

Ulcers in dogs arise for very different reasons.

Trauma

• Injuries: Cuts, bites or stings can become inflamed and develop into ulcers.
• Foreign bodies: Thorns or splinters that remain embedded in the skin can trigger ulcers.

Infections

• Bacterial infections: Infections by bacteria such as staphylococci can lead to skin ulcers.
• Viral infections: Certain viruses can cause mouth or stomach ulcers.
• Fungal infections: Fungal infections can cause skin ulcers that are difficult to treat.

Autoimmune diseases

• Lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease that can cause skin ulcers and other systemic symptoms.
• Pemphigus: An autoimmune disease that leads to blistering and ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes.

Parasites

• Mites: Mange can cause severe skin ulcers.
• Fleas and ticks: Heavy infestation can lead to ulcers, especially in cases of allergic reactions.

Gastrointestinal problems

• Stomach ulcers: Can be caused by stress, medications (such as NSAIDs), infections or stomach cancer.

Tumours

• Skin tumours: Benign or malignant tumours can turn into ulcers that bleed and do not heal.
• Stomach or mouth tumours: Tumours in these areas can also cause ulcers.

Diagnosis of ulcers in dogs

For a reliable diagnosis, the vet thoroughly examines the dog and adds further procedures depending on the findings.

Clinical examination

The vet inspects the affected area and looks for signs of inflammation, infection or other abnormalities.

Skin tests

• Skin biopsy: A tissue sample can be taken and examined histologically to determine the cause of the ulcer.
• Cytology: Microscopic examination of cells from the ulcer can reveal infections or tumour cells.

Blood Tests

Blood tests help to identify systemic diseases, infections or autoimmune diseases.

Imaging techniques

• X-ray: Can provide further clues in cases of stomach ulcers or internal tumours.
• Ultrasound: Enables assessment of internal organs and can be helpful in diagnosing stomach ulcers or tumours.

Endoscopy

If stomach ulcers are suspected, an endoscopy can be performed to directly examine the stomach lining and take samples.

Treatment of ulcers in dogs

Which treatment is appropriate depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the ulcer.

Drug therapy

• Antibiotics: To treat bacterial infections that cause ulcers.
• Antifungals: For fungal infections.
• Corticosteroids or immunosuppressants: For autoimmune-related ulcers.
• Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers: For stomach ulcers to reduce stomach acid production.
• Painkillers: To relieve the pain caused by ulcers.

Surgical procedures

• Removal of tumours: Tumours that cause ulcers may need to be surgically removed.
• Removal of foreign bodies: For ulcers caused by penetrating foreign bodies.

Wound care

• Topical treatments: Ointments or creams with antibiotics or corticosteroids can support the healing of skin ulcers.
• Dressing changes: Regular cleaning and dressing changes are important to promote wound healing and prevent infections.

Dietary adjustments

• Special diets: For stomach ulcers, a easily digestible diet may be required to relieve the stomach and promote healing.

Fluid therapy

In severe ulcers that lead to dehydration or blood loss, intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary.

Prevention of ulcers in dogs

The risk of ulcers in dogs can be reduced with some targeted measures:

1. Regular vet examinations: Routine check-ups help to detect and treat health problems early, before they develop into ulcers.
2. Good care and hygiene: Keep your dog’s skin clean and free of parasites to prevent skin ulcers.
3. Stress reduction: Less stress can help prevent stomach ulcers.
4. Careful use of medications: Avoid excessive use of medications such as NSAIDs, which can trigger stomach ulcers.
5. Balanced nutrition: A healthy diet strengthens overall health and can reduce the risk of stomach and skin ulcers.

Frequently asked questions about ulcers in dogs

How dangerous are ulcers in dogs?

Ulcers can be harmless or indicate serious diseases. If left untreated, they can worsen and lead to infections, pain and further complications.

Can an ulcer in a dog heal on its own?

Some ulcers heal with proper care, but the underlying cause should still be treated to prevent recurrence. A vet should examine the ulcer in any case.

How do I know if my dog has a stomach ulcer?

Symptoms such as vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain and anaemia can indicate a stomach ulcer. A vet examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Myths about ulcers in dogs

“Ulcers are always a sign of cancer.”

False. Ulcers can have many causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases and trauma. Not every ulcer is cancerous.

“You can simply ignore an ulcer.”

False. Ulcers can worsen and lead to serious complications. Early assessment by a vet is advisable.

“Ulcers heal on their own if you don’t disturb them.”

False. Many ulcers require targeted care and treatment to heal and prevent recurrence.